Zambia’s media freedom is once again under the spotlight following a damning report by the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA), which claims a growing sense of unease among media practitioners. The report, based on a survey, reveals that over 60% of respondents believe media freedom is increasingly under threat, with harassment, intimidation, and arrests of journalists and bloggers cited as major concerns.
Among the cases that have drawn widespread attention is that of investigative journalist Thomas Zgambo, who has been arrested three times in just over a year. His first arrest in November 2023 stemmed from allegations of criminal libel after he published an article claiming that a government institution was renting property from President Hakainde Hichilema. Following this, he faced further arrests in August and October 2024, both linked to articles he published on government activities. If convicted on charges of criminal libel and sedition, Zgambo could face up to seven years in prison.
Despite these challenges, Zgambo remains resolute in his work, saying, “As a journalist, I believe in seeking answers on behalf of the public. It is a duty I cannot abandon, even in the face of adversity.” His statement reflects the resilience of many Zambian journalists who continue to operate in an increasingly constrained environment.
The use of colonial-era laws such as criminal defamation and sedition has been a recurring issue. Joan Chirwa, founder of the Free Press Initiative, has expressed concern over their continued application, which she believes stifles free expression. “We are seeing these laws being wielded as tools of suppression rather than protection. Journalists are being detained for simply doing their jobs,” she remarked. Chirwa also highlighted cases where political figures disrupted media operations, raising fears about potential crackdowns as the 2026 general elections approach.
The report also draws attention to systemic issues affecting Zambia’s media landscape. Instances of government officials interfering with editorial independence, the revocation of broadcasting licences for certain outlets, and the lack of protection for whistleblowers are all cited as factors undermining press freedom. These actions, according to MISA, create a chilling effect, discouraging investigative reporting and critical commentary.
In response to these allegations, government representatives argue that Zambia has made significant strides in expanding media freedoms. Mumanga Morden Mayembe from the Ministry of Information defended the administration’s record, pointing to the licensing of over 200 radio stations, 50 television stations, and numerous online platforms. “We have broadened the space for public expression. When platforms are few, only a select group gets heard. By increasing the number of outlets, we are promoting diversity in viewpoints,” Mayembe stated.
However, critics argue that the proliferation of media platforms does not necessarily equate to freedom of expression if journalists continue to face harassment. According to MISA, the presence of more outlets must be complemented by a commitment to uphold journalistic independence and protect media practitioners from undue interference.
The tension between Zambia’s government and its media reflects broader challenges faced by journalists in the region. While constitutional provisions guarantee press freedom, enforcement remains inconsistent, leaving media workers vulnerable to political and legal pressures. Activists and international organisations have called on the Zambian government to reform its media laws, particularly those inherited from the colonial era, and to ensure a more enabling environment for free expression.
As the country prepares for its 2026 elections, the role of a free and independent press will be critical in ensuring transparency and accountability. Observers warn that failure to address these concerns could undermine Zambia’s democratic progress and erode public trust in both the media and the government.
The MISA report underscores the delicate balance between regulating the media and fostering an environment conducive to free expression. While the government’s emphasis on increasing media platforms is commendable, the ongoing arrests and intimidation of journalists highlight the urgent need for reforms to protect press freedom.
For now, Zambia’s media practitioners remain steadfast, continuing their work amidst an increasingly challenging environment. Their resilience and commitment to truth-telling will be instrumental in navigating the complex terrain of Zambia’s media landscape.
